The Dilemma Of Balinese Tourism

The dilemma of tourism towards the survival of nature and culture of Bali has been feared by scholars since the 1930s.

During this time Bali tourism now with the intervention of outside parties: in the days of the colonial Netherlands parties and a handful of other foreigners, and in the days of the independence of the Central Government (aided local bureaucrats) along the great financier of Bali. The local population and its culture are seen as mere commodities or objects: provider of cultural attractions — become a spectacle — and healthcare service providers. Planning and management of not being a portion of local involvement. Until now these patterns continue to run. The latest example is the pembabatan area of the protected forest in the area of Bedugul hotels for permission from Jakarta pocketed unbeknownst to local people; also plan to build Geothermal power plants that are suspected of being part of the scenario for the development of extensive land mastery resort although obviously got widespread rejection of the community.

No denying that today's tourism economy brought blessing to Bali, though uneven because there is a small group of local people who get big portions. But in General, because the effect of the multiplier, an increase in per capita income or purchasing power of the people. The influx of large effect on increasing the financiers of the number and quality of tourism as well as a means of supporting facilities including the repair of roads in Bali that ensure a smooth economic activities in General. Likewise the industry support or follow-up is thriving.

Increased income per capita by Balinese allocated in fulfillment of the needs of modern life, such as ancillary costs of education, transportation, and other modern products. As humans generally people of Bali have also aroused by the thought of temptation goods consumerism. And of course some allocated on the Customs and rituals of religious activities, including the inside of the performing arts. The pattern of life in two worlds is pressing for the Balinese people always have money. The reliance of tourism to Bali in Bali modern survival has been such a big. Tourism has become the main flagship, replacing agriculture and small industry.

Meanwhile, the Balinese people also watched and felt the drastic changes that are going on around them, especially since the tourism boom of the 1980s. Impact-the impact they see is the shift in land-agricultural land into a residential and tourist areas; Sea, Lake and river terpolusi; the volume of rubbish especially inorganic risen sharply; energy and clean water dispersed-scatter them; the increasing population density in part by an influx of migrants from outside the island of Bali, foreign and domestic; as well as rising crime, misuse of alcohol and drugs, and the spread of HIV/AIDS. Not to mention other problems-problems, and are still buried under the surface. The number of people of Bali are starting to fall into behaviors that jeopardize and violation of the law has also increased.

More recently, since 2003 following the 2002 Bali bombing, appeared a discourse is widespread now Are called Bali. A discourse on the essence of the emerging concern or confusion is Balinese people see a variety of negative situations that occurred in Bali, including fears of Balinese people becoming a minority in the island due to the rush of immigrants from other islands, especially Java and Lombok. Act No. 22/1999 and PP No. 25/2000 on autonomous region that focuses on regional level II also feared could destabilize Bali as a unity of nature and culture for interpretations and different interests from existing counties in Bali. So there's still a discourse-a discourse that Bali had special autonomy which is autonomous in the provincial level (see Tim Framers Bali Post 2004).

The impact or influence of tourism on the culture of Bali by researchers described as negative and positive. The negative impact is the occurrence of commercialization, commodification and profanisasi that leads to penggerusan; medium impact result terpacunya creativity art culture is the local population to meet the interests of tourism (see Ruastiti, 2005; Ardika 2004). In the context of the traditional performing arts of positive and negative influence also occurred. The emergence of real creativity once looks at growing increasingly different types of performance art in Bali including the growing number of actuator artistry, but at the same time some of the sacred Dance ritual procession elements including having profanisation due to begin its premiere to tourists.

sources :
http://www.budpar.go.id/budpar/asp/detil.asp?c=5&id=1031

Overview of the dynamics of the Traditional performing arts of Bali in the context of Cultural Tourism

Bali in two worlds

Bali in present is Bali living in two worlds. Two very different worlds, the mutual attraction, contested spaces real nature of Bali and spaces for human psychiatric Bali. The world is one of the world's traditional agricultural societies that have been rooted at least since 4000 years ago, soulless Hindu, with a variety of cultural expression; and the world is the world of modern Western civilization came to Bali as a consequence of the exploration and exploitation of the Western World (occupation) (Netherlands) in the 17th century who introduced the Bali to world trade, capitalism following its consumerism is more globalizing world.

The most tangible expression of traditional agricultural societies of the world are hundreds of kinds of ritual Bali indigenous religions that still dilakoni Balinese people, almost at any time, and often involves the performing arts both sacred and secular (profane, entertainment). Being the presence of the modern world can be seen from the shift in agricultural villages became cities and tourist areas such as Denpasar, Sanur, Kuta, Nusa Dua, Bali and continues to spread to other areas; as well as the inhabitants of Bali which kian gandrung with modern products such as cars, motorcycles, electronic goods and other. The world of traditional agricultural societies trying to survive so as not eroded while the modern world trying to capture because it's the nature of capitalism and consumerism. Balinese people live, wrestling between two worlds is the second world and seeks committed conflicting.

World of Balinese tradition with elements of Hindu worship of soulless nature and its ancestors are the result of evolution and acculturation of some cultures that came to the island: the ancestor from South China around 4000 years ago and Hindu-Buddhist culture either directly from India as well as through the expansion scenario have Java Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in Java to Bali since the early 20th century 9. System and order the core life as is customary with the banjar village his direkat by the concept of Three Pura, interface of three (Puseh, villages, Dalem) and Pura family (sanggah/Merajan) as well as agricultural organization called subak which is expected to start in Bali early on applied the 11th until now remain strong presence in the city though. Traditional  institutions of social religious such as  village customs (desa adat), banjar  and subak was considered to be pillars supporting the Bali cultural sustainability (see Pitana 2002). This tradition teaches world philosophy of balance between the needs of jasmani-rohani as the source of happiness is achieved when there is a balance between the needs of agencies, social and spiritual needs. This conception is generally known as the Tri Hita Karana.

The modern world (West) go to Bali since the beginning of the 17th century by the arrival of the European explorers Explorers (Netherlands) to the region of the archipelago with a commercial motive, find and trade of spices. Sailors and merchants were also set foot in Bali, then trade with Kings in Bali. Spice hunting that continues into colonization of the Archipelago by the Netherlands. In the 1990s the cultural uniqueness of Bali with a start packed by the Netherlands for sale as a product tour. Tourism culture that initially only performed by several elite West (Europe, USA) for the purpose of viewing and enjoy the beautiful tropical island with its rich and unique (exotic) has now become a tourism bring people from different parts of the Earth in numbers exceeding one million annually. They are believed to come to Bali for the same purpose, enjoy the culture of Bali, although not a little too who came just to remove the saturation of their lives an intense routines and for business profit and instead settled in Bali. Some of the research and survey results do show that most tourists who come to Bali culture Bali are motivated by uniqueness (see Ardika 2004: 11).

The development of Tourism Culture Netherlands attempts to conquer Bali were indeed always gets a fierce resistance. Netherlands was only able to master the whole of Bali in 1908 through ruthless conquest condemned widely in Europe. To improve the image of the Netherlands, rushing to make policy-a policy to protect and keep Bali in order to remain "traditional". Bali was studied and written down in detail and systematic by scholars Netherlands. A policy which, according to Adrian Vickers, scholar of Australia, in his book Bali: A Paradise Created just intend to be able to sell products as Bali tourism.

Then, in 1914, the airline Cruise Netherlands (KPM) has published a brochure about the tourist island of Bali as "stunning", "pura island and Castle", "island of gods" and "place of women shirtless". Starting those years by KPM continuously bring a handful of elite tourists to Bali. In 1925 by KPM build Bali Hotels in Denpasar — the first hotel in Bali. Among these elite tourists there are artists, anthropologists or writers with their writings and the interpretation of the 1930s began to coagulate the image of Bali in the eyes of the world as an island paradise. The image that remains attached to the present.

Some scholars argue that the Balinese people started to define their culture on the basis of the definition outlined by people outside. Balinese people conform (do appropriation) confirmed themselves to constantly perform traditional; do a traditional theatre or simulacra (see Kurnianingsih 2002; Ruastiti 2005). In an attempt to maintain in order to keep the traditional local Government of Bali, through regional Regulations No. 3 of 1974 (on the revision being number 3 in 1991) declaring that the Government tourism developed in Bali is a Cultural Tourism. Tourism in the development of regional culture and development using the Balinese Hindu religion imbued who was part of the national culture as the basic potential of the dominant (Ardika 2004: 21).

After Indonesia's independence day, an effort to develop to its full potential as a tourist destination Bali became an important agenda of President Soekarno; all the more so the Government of President Suharto, and continues to the present. Construction of luxury hotels Bali Beach Hotel by Sukarno and luxury tourism complex development of Nusa Dua by Soeharto with his Master Plan in 1971 by a French company, SCETO, which dealt with followed up with the construction of 12 luxury along with other supporting facilities are early examples of those efforts (Rai, 2003). Big continues to infuse capital financier created a tourism boom in the 1980s; pariwsata mass culture that continues to the present. 2002 Bali bombing had made Bali tourism deserted but slowly recovered.

sources : http://www.budpar.go.id/budpar/asp/detil.asp?c=5&id=1031