LAND AND SEA BORDERS OF INDONESIA WITH NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES
Indonesia
is an archipelago with a coastline of about 81.900 kilometers, has
borders with many countries both land border (the continent) or the Sea
(maritime). The land area of the Republic of Indonesia bordering the countries Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Timor-Leste. Land
border Indonesia spread over three islands, the four provinces and 15
counties or cities, each of which has a different border
characteristics. Likewise, neighboring countries
that have good border when it is reviewed in terms of the conditions of
the social, economic, political and cultural importance. While
the Indonesia's sea borders with 10 countries, namely India, Malaysia,
Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam, the Philippines, the Republic of Palau,
Australia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea (PNG). The sea border is generally in the form of the outermost islands totaling 97 Islands and including small islands. Some of them still need to Setup and more intensive management because it has a tendency, problems with neighboring countries.
Here is the limit of the sea: Indonesia
INDONESIA - MALAYSIA
The
boundary lines of the sea area between Indonesia and Malaysia is the
line that connects the points coordinates are assigned based on a mutual
agreement in Kuala Lumpur, on March 17, 1977.
Based
on law No. 4 Prp in 1960, Indonesia has determined the basic point
abandoned its territorial boundaries as far as 12 miles. As
the implementation of the ACT, some parts of Indonesia waters which are
less than 12 nautical miles of marine territory, into Indonesia. Including the territorial waters in the Strait of Malacca.
In
August 1969, Malaysia also announced that the width of the sea
territory into 12 nautical miles, measured from the base lines are
defined according to the provisions of the Geneva Conventions, 1958
(regarding Sea territory and Contigous Zone). So
the question arises, namely the location of the boundary lines of the
sea area of each country in the Straits of Malacca (in a narrow section)
or less than 24 nautical miles. As for the
limits of the continental shelf between Indonesia and Malaysia is
determined by a straight line drawn from point to point with coordinates
a mutually agreed on 27 October 1969.
Upon
consideration, conducted the negotiations (February-March 1970) that
resulted in the agreement about the establishment of the Territorial Sea
boundary line of the two countries in the Strait of Malacca. Determination of the coordinates of the point on the line the base of each country.
With
the enactment of the International Convention on the law of the Sea
1982, then the determination of the basic point and line the base of
each country need to be ratified on the basis of a new international
agency rules. During this withdrawal limits of
the continental shelf Indonesia with Malaysia in the Malacca Strait
Waters based on the law of the sea Conventions of 1958.
RI
MoU with Malaysia which was signed on October 27, 1969, which set the
island Silver Islands and Jara as a basic point in the base of the line
of withdrawal is clearly apparent harm Indonesia party, because the
median line drawn in defining the limits of the continental shelf of the
two countries are likely to lead to the waters of Indonesia.
Not only that, Indonesia also there has been no agreement with Malaysia about ZEE. Determination of ZEE is very important in fisheries resource management efforts of each country.
As
a result of not having an agreement between Malaysia and Indonesia EEZ
in the Strait of Malacca, frequent arrests of fishermen by the two
sides. This is because Malaysia considers the limit Off Kontinennya in the Malacca Strait, the sea border with Indonesia. This is not true, because the sea border of the two countries should be determined on the basis of bilateral agreements.
Based
on the study of Hydro-Oceanographic Service TNI AL sea, Indonesia and
Malaysia in the Malacca Strait should be located in the median line
between the base of the two countries that is located far to the North
or northeast of the limits of the continental shelf. Based
on the provisions of UNCLOS, as a coastal state, Malaysia is not
allowed to use the island Silver Islands and Jara as the base line which
the distance between two islands is more than 100 miles out to sea.
If
in terms of geographical area, which allows the border dispute-prone in
the management of fisheries resources is in the southern part of the
Andaman Sea or the northern part of the Strait of Malacca.
INDONESIA - SINGAPORE
Determination
of the coordinates of points on the boundaries of the sea area of
Indonesia and Singapore are based on the principle of equal distance
(equidistance) between the two islands. Endorsement of the coordinates of points is based on the agreement of both Governments.
The coordinate points located in the Strait of Singapore. The
contents of the subject of his Covenant is the boundary lines of the
Sea region of Indonesia and Singapore in the area of the sea Strait
narrow Singapore (width journeys overseas less than 15 nautical miles)
is the line made up of stripes
However, on both sides of
the East and West boundaries of the Sea region of Indonesia and
Singapore still there are areas that do not have a border treaty. Where that region is the border of three States, namely Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia.
On the West side in the waters north of the island Of Karimun area bordered by Singapore, which is just 18 miles out to sea. While
in other territories, on the East side the waters north of the island
of Bintan is the same area that the distance is 18 nautical miles. Both of these areas do not have a sea boundary agreement.
The issue arose after Singapore with vigorous do Beach reclamation in its territory. So there is a change the coastline towards the Sea (towards the waters of Indonesia). Even with the reclamation, Singapore has combined some of the island into the Mainland. To
limit the territorial waters of Indonesia – Singapore which has not
been established to be immediately resolved, because it could lead to
problems in the future. Singapore will claim its limits based on the latest Base Line, with the old Base line of reason can not be identified.
But
through negotiations that drain the energy of the two countries,
finally agreed to the Treaty limit of the sea the two countries that
took effect on August 30, 2010. The specified limit of the sea was the island of Pulau Nipa and Lever, 12.1 kilometers. These negotiations have been ongoing since 2005, and the two teams negotiated negotiations for eight times. Thus
the issue of sea borders Indonesia and Singapore at that point is no
longer a polemic that could pose a conflict, however there are still
some border point that has not been agreed and the occurence of
opportunity still open conflict of the two countries. Borders
of Indonesia and Singapore is divided into three parts: the central
part (agreed upon in 1973), the western part (Nipa Island with the
lever, it is agreed in 2009) and the eastern part (East 1, Batam with
Changi (Airport) and East 2 between Bintan.
INDONESIA - THAILAND
The
boundary lines of the continental shelf Indonesia and Thailand is a
straight line drawn from the Southeast toward the meeting point. It
was agreed upon in the agreement between the Government of Indonesia
and Thailand about the determination of the boundary lines of the seabed
in the Andaman Sea on December 11, 1973.
The
continental shelf boundary coordinate points Indonesia-Thailand pulled
from a point along a set before the entry into force of the UNITED
NATIONS Convention on the law of the sea of 1982. Therefore, the determination of the agreement should have the dots coordinates upon hindsight.
Moreover, Thailand has announced exclusive economic zone by Royal Proclamation on 23 February 1981, the contents; "The
exclusive Economy Zone of the Kingdom of Thailand is an area beyond and
adjacent to the territorial sea whose breadth extends to two hundred
nautical miles measured from the baselines use for measuring the breadth
of the Territorial Sea". In principle the proclamation of the EEZ did not mention about the determination of boundaries between countries.
INDONESIA - INDIA
The
boundary lines of the continental shelf India and Indonesia is a
straight line drawn from the meeting point to the Southwest is the
Andaman Sea. It is based on agreement on January
14, 1977 in New Delhi, about the Treaty the boundary lines of the
continental shelf of the two countries. However, in some areas of the sea borders of the two countries is still no deal.
INDONESIA - AUSTRALIA
Indonesia
agreement with Australia regarding the boundary lines between the
border of the Indonesia-Papua New Guinea signed in Jakarta, on February
12, 1973. Later in Act No. 6 of 1973, on December 8, 1973).
As
for the agreement between Indonesia and Australia about the
determination of the boundaries of the sea floor, signed as 7 November
1974. First, it sets out five areas of operations
Indonesia traditional fishing in Australia's fisheries zones, namely
the Ashmore reef (desert island); Cartier Reef (Ban); Scott Reef (Datu); Saringapatan Reef, and Browse.
Second,
traditional fishing in Indonesia would take fresh water in East and
Middle Islet Islet, part of the desert island (Ashmore Reef). Third, Indonesia fishing prohibited conduct fishing and destructive to the environment outside the island's fifth.
While the agreement of Indonesia and Australia, on setting the Administrative border between the Indonesia-Papua New Gunea; signed in Port Moresby, on November 13, 1973. It has been ratified by Presidential Decree No. No. 27 in 1974, and came into effect on April 29, 1974. The new development of the above, the two countries agreed to enhance the effectiveness of the implementation of the MOU, 1974.
INDONESIA - VIET NAM
On
November 12, 1982, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam issued a
Statement that called the "Statement on the Territorial Sea Base Line". Viet Nam withdrawal system contains a base of a radical straight lines. They
would like to include the island of Phu Quoc into its territory that
are approximately 80 nautical miles from the land boundary line between
Cambodia and Viet Nam.
The base of the line of withdrawal system is done using 9 turning point. Where the two lines it's length exceeds 80 mile beach, while the other three lines in length in excess of 50 nautical miles. So, encircled waters reaching a total area of 27,000 sq. miles.
Earlier,
in 1977, Viet Nam has declared an EEZ of 200 nautical miles, measured
from the base line used to measure straight across the width of the
Territorial Sea. This is not in line with the
Convention on the law of the Sea 1982, because Viet Nam seeks to
incorporate the islands which are very far away from the base of the
point. These conditions give rise to overlapping with the Indonesia exclusive economic zone to the North of the island of Natuna.
INDONESIA - PHILIPPINES
Based
on the documents of the maritime limits Treaty Indonesia and the
Philippines had been negotiating several times, in particular regarding
the maritime boundary line in the Celebes Sea and South of Mindanao
(since 1973). But until now there has been no
agreement because one of the Indonesia's Island (the island of Palmas
case) located near the Philippines, claimed his property. It is based on the provisions of the Constitution of the Philippines who still refers to the treaty of paris of 1898. While
Indonesia to geostrategy (the archipelagic principles) in accordance
with the provisions of the UN Convention on the law of the Sea (UNCLOS
1982).
INDONESIA - REPUBLIC OF PALAU
The Republic of Palau is located in the North-East of Indonesia. Geographically, the country is 060. 51 "N and 1350.50" BT. they are an archipelago with a land area of approximately 500 km2.
Based
on the 1979 Constitution, the Republic of Palau has jurisdiction and
sovereignty in the territorial Sea and inland waterway-its up to 200
nautical miles. Measured from the base of the Islands that surround the Islands straight.
Palau
has an expanded Fisheries Zone (Extended Fishery Zone) until the
borders Exclusive Fisheries Zone, measuring 200 nautical miles measured
from the base lines. It causes overlap between ZEE Indonesia with an extended Fishing Zone of the Republic of Palau. So, it should be carried out negotiations between the two countries in order to agree on the boundary lines of the EEZ.
INDONESIA - TIMOR LESTE
Establishment
of the State of East Timor as an independent nation, led to the
formation of the new border between Indonesia with the country. Negotiations determining the boundaries of land and sea between Indonesia and Timor-Leste have done and still lasts to this day.
First Meeting of the Joint Border Committee Indonesia-Timor-Leste held on 18-19 December 2002 in Jakarta. At
this stage agreed delimitation of land in the form of deliniasi and
demarcation, followed by determination of the maritime boundary
negotiations. Then the second Joint Border Committee talks held in Dilli, in July 2003.
Here is the Land boundary of Indonesia:
Land
border with Indonesia's neighboring countries is that the process of
the determination limit (Collies) had been completed in the Netherlands
East Indies Government. Netherlands East Indies Government set a limit to the United Kingdom for the segment limit of land in Kalimantan and Papua. While the Netherlands East Indies army to set a limit on the Portuguese island of Timor. Referring
to the provisions of international law Uti Possidetis Juris (a country
inherited the penjajahnya), then Indonesia with neighboring countries
need only reaffirm or reconstruct a predetermined limit. Reaffirmation or demarcation is not as easy as expected. Problems
that often occur in the process of the demarcation of land boundary is
the emergence of a difference of interpretation of the treaty or
treaties agreed upon Netherlands East Indies. In addition, natural features that are frequently used in terrestrial set certainly can change over the course of time. Further
do not cover possible, social culture and customs of the local area has
also changed, given the long span of time since the army laid down the
first colonial.
sources :
